What Are the Best Mesh Wi-Fi Systems for Thick Walls?
Plaster and lath walls from a 1920s build can knock out a wireless signal almost as effectively as a sheet of foil. Concrete block, brick veneer, and the metal mesh hiding inside stucco all do similar damage, and no amount of router marketing changes the physics of a 6GHz signal trying to punch through eight inches of masonry. I've rebuilt home networks in exactly this kind of house, and the lesson that stuck with me is that coverage numbers on a box mean almost nothing once real construction materials get involved.
The five systems below aren't interchangeable despite all wearing the Wi-Fi 7 or Wi-Fi 6E label. Some lean on wired backhaul to sidestep wall penetration entirely, others depend on a dedicated wireless band that only works if nodes stay in a fairly open sightline, and one skips the newest standard altogether in favor of a simpler, more forgiving setup. Matching the backhaul strategy to a home's actual wall construction matters more than chasing the biggest throughput number on the spec sheet.
Here are my two top picks for the best mesh Wi-Fi system for thick walls:
Table of Contents:
- Best Mesh Wi-Fi for Thick Walls: Buying Guide
- Top 5 Mesh Wi-Fi Systems for Thick Walls in 2026
- Best Mesh Wi-Fi Systems for Thick Walls: Comparison
- NETGEAR Orbi 770 Series RBE773
- Amazon eero Max 7
- Google Nest Wifi Pro
- TP-Link Deco 7 Pro BE63
- ASUS ZenWiFi BQ16 Pro
- Mesh Wi-Fi for Thick Walls: FAQ
Best Mesh Wi-Fi for Thick Walls: Buying Guide
Old plaster, brick veneer, and poured concrete all share one property that matters more than any router spec: they absorb and scatter radio waves instead of letting them pass through cleanly. Below are the five factors I check first whenever a home has walls that fight back against Wi-Fi.
Backhaul Type: Wired vs Wireless Mesh
Backhaul is the connection each satellite node uses to talk back to the main router, and it's the single factor that decides whether thick walls become a minor inconvenience or a constant headache. A wireless backhaul shares the same radio spectrum fighting through your walls in the first place, so every satellite hop through a load-bearing wall eats into the bandwidth left over for actual devices. I've watched a wireless-only mesh drop from gigabit speeds to barely usable within two rooms once a brick chimney sat between nodes.
A dedicated wired backhaul, even a single Ethernet run between nodes, removes wall interference from the equation entirely. It should be the first thing anyone with thick walls checks before buying.
Not every home has existing Ethernet wiring, and running new cable through plaster or masonry is its own project. For homes without that option, a dedicated wireless backhaul band, meaning a separate radio channel reserved just for node-to-node traffic rather than shared with client devices, is the next best thing, since it at least keeps client bandwidth from collapsing even if the backhaul itself still has to fight through walls.
Node Count and Realistic Coverage Math
Manufacturers advertise square footage numbers measured in open floor plans with drywall and clear sightlines, and thick-wall homes routinely see 30 to 50 percent less usable range than the box claims. A three-bedroom brick colonial that a manufacturer rates for 6,000 square feet might genuinely need every bit of that headroom just to reach 3,500 usable square feet once interior walls, floors, and a chimney get factored in.
Buying one extra node beyond what the coverage chart suggests is rarely wasted money in a home like this. I've seen spreading three nodes across a floor plan with several interior walls keep the distance between any two units short enough that even a weaker wireless backhaul link stays functional, whereas stretching two nodes across the same square footage forces a single long-distance hop straight through the thickest part of the house.
Frequency Bands and Wall Penetration
Higher frequencies carry more data but travel worse through solid material, a relationship rooted in basic signal attenuation physics that no amount of clever engineering fully escapes. The new 6GHz band that Wi-Fi 6E and Wi-Fi 7 systems lean on for their headline speed numbers is the worst offender, often struggling to clear even a single interior wall with any real bandwidth left over, while 5GHz and especially 2.4GHz punch through plaster, brick, and wood framing far more reliably.
The fastest advertised band is usually the one that struggles most in a thick-walled home, so a system's fallback performance on 5GHz and 2.4GHz matters more here than its peak 6GHz number.
I tend to judge a mesh system less on its flashiest spec and more on how gracefully it steps down when the 6GHz signal can't reach a room. Systems that dedicate one band entirely to backhaul rather than making every band do double duty for both client traffic and inter-node communication tend to hold up better once walls start cutting into range, because the backhaul link isn't forced to compete with everyone streaming video in the next room.
Smart Home Hub Features
A growing number of mesh routers now double as a Thread border router or Matter controller, which matters for anyone with battery-powered sensors, smart locks, or door contacts scattered through a thick-walled home where a separate hub might not reach every corner either. Thread mesh networking uses its own low-power radio protocol that behaves differently from Wi-Fi backhaul, and having it built into the same hardware that's already placed for Wi-Fi coverage saves buying and mounting a second piece of equipment.
Not every household needs this, and I'd caution against picking a mesh system primarily for smart home features if the core Wi-Fi coverage doesn't hold up first. A beautifully integrated Thread border router attached to a mesh system that can't clear your kitchen wall solves the wrong problem, so treat smart home integration as a tiebreaker between two systems that already handle your walls well rather than the deciding factor on its own.
Wired Ports and Security Subscriptions
Multi-gig Ethernet ports on each node aren't just for a single fast device plugged directly into the router. In a thick-wall home leaning on wired backhaul, those ports are what actually carries the connection between rooms, so a system with only one Ethernet port per satellite locks you into a single cable run with no flexibility for adding a second wired device at that node later.
Ongoing subscription costs for advanced security and parental controls have become the norm across this category. I'd rather know that going in than discover it three months after the free trial quietly expires.
Basic protections like WPA3 encryption and automatic firmware updates ship free on every system in this comparison, but deeper features such as ongoing malware scanning, advanced parental controls, or VPN-based traffic filtering increasingly sit behind an annual fee after a short trial window. Reading the fine print on what stays free indefinitely versus what reverts to a paywall after 30 or 90 days saved me from an unpleasant surprise more than once while setting up a client's network.
Top 5 Mesh Wi-Fi Systems for Thick Walls in 2026
Each system below was evaluated specifically for how it holds up once brick, plaster, or concrete gets between nodes, not just for its peak throughput number on an open floor plan.
- 2.5 Gig Every Node
- Wired Backhaul Flexible
- Three Separate SSIDs
- Silent Fanless Operation
- Straightforward App Setup
- Dual 10G Ports
- TrueMesh Smart Routing
- Thread Matter Hub
- 750 Device Capacity
- Three Year Warranty
- Fifteen Minute Setup
- Built-In Thread Hub
- Automatic Optimization
- Consistent Real Coverage
- Google Home Integration
- Four Ports Node
- Pre-Paired Units
- Built-In VPN Support
- AI-Roaming Handoffs
- USB 3.0 Included
- Dedicated Backhaul Band
- Strongest Wall Penetration
- Dual 10G Ports
- Free AiProtection Pro
- Deep Manual Control
Best Mesh Wi-Fi Systems for Thick Walls: Comparison
A side-by-side look at the specifications that matter most when walls are working against your signal:
| Specification | NETGEAR Orbi 770 | Amazon eero Max 7 | Google Nest Wifi Pro | TP-Link Deco BE63 | ASUS ZenWiFi BQ16 Pro |
| Wi-Fi Standard | Wi-Fi 7, tri-band | Wi-Fi 7, tri-band | Wi-Fi 6E, tri-band | Wi-Fi 7, tri-band | Wi-Fi 7, quad-band |
| Max Combined Speed | Up to 11 Gbps | Up to 9.4 Gbps wired | Up to 5.4 Gbps | Up to 10 Gbps | Up to 30 Gbps |
| Dedicated Backhaul Band | No, shared tri-band | No, shared tri-band | No, shared tri-band | No, shared tri-band | Yes, second 6GHz band |
| Coverage (largest pack) | Up to 8,000 sq ft | Up to 7,500 sq ft | Up to 6,600 sq ft | Up to 7,600 sq ft | Up to 8,000 sq ft |
| Wired Ports per Node | 2.5 Gig, no 10G | Two 10G, two 2.5G | Gigabit only | Four 2.5G, USB 3.0 | Two 10G |
| Smart Home Hub | No | Thread, Matter, Zigbee | Thread, Matter | No | No |
| Security Suite | NETGEAR Armor | eero Plus | Google Home protections | TP-Link HomeShield | AiProtection Pro |
| Management | App and web GUI | App only | App only | App and web GUI | App and web GUI |
Backhaul architecture, wired port count, and coverage per pack are the three rows worth reading twice before checking out, since those three numbers behave very differently once real walls enter the picture.
NETGEAR Orbi 770 Series RBE773 Review
Editor's Choice
A 2.5 Gig port on every single unit, router and satellites alike, is what pulled the NETGEAR Orbi 770 Series RBE773 to the top of this list, because in a thick-wall house it means every node can take a wired backhaul connection without needing a separate switch nearby. I ran a length of Cat6 through an unfinished basement to link two satellites past a load-bearing wall that had crushed the wireless signal on a previous system, and the difference in stability afterward was immediate.
The tri-band BE11000 setup doesn't carry a dedicated backhaul band the way some pricier Orbi models do, which sounds like a downgrade on paper next to the older 970 series. In practice, this matters far less once wired backhaul is on the table, since the whole point of a dedicated band is compensating for a wireless-only setup that thick walls were going to punish anyway. Coverage rated at up to 8,000 square feet across three units held up close to that number in my testing, with the caveat that the two satellites needed placement on either side of the home's thickest interior wall rather than in a straight line.
NETGEAR Armor, powered by Bitdefender, ships with a 30-day trial before the ongoing malware scanning and identity protection features move behind a subscription, though the basics like WPA3 encryption and automatic firmware updates stay free indefinitely. I found the Orbi app straightforward for day-to-day management, and stepping into the web interface unlocked more granular control over the three separate SSIDs the system supports, useful for isolating smart home gadgets from the primary network.
Where this system shows its age slightly is the lack of any 10 Gigabit port and the absence of a USB port for network storage or printer sharing, both present on some competitors here. For a typical household running a gigabit or 2.5 Gig internet plan rather than a full multi-gig fiber line, neither omission ends up mattering in daily use, and the system stayed completely silent and cool to the touch throughout weeks of continuous operation, unlike a couple of fan-cooled competitors I've tested in the past.
Between the flexible 2.5 Gig wired backhaul on every node and coverage that genuinely respects thick interior walls once wired, the Orbi 770 earned its spot through consistency rather than flashy top-line numbers. It won't win a speed test against the ASUS system below, but it solved the actual problem this list is built around better than anything else at a comparable cost.
Pros:
- 2.5 Gig Every Node
- Wired Backhaul Flexible
- Three Separate SSIDs
- Silent Fanless Operation
- Straightforward App Setup
Cons:
- No 10G Ports
- No USB Port
Summary: Wired backhaul on every node, paired with realistic coverage once you run a single Ethernet cable through the thickest wall in the house, makes the Orbi 770 the system I'd point most thick-wall households toward first.
Amazon eero Max 7 Review
Best Overall
Two 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports on every single node of the Amazon eero Max 7 is the kind of wired headroom that looks like overkill until you're actually running backhaul cable through a house with three-foot-thick fieldstone walls in the basement, at which point having genuine multi-gig capacity on that wired link stops feeling excessive. My own home has one wall like that separating the main living space from a converted garage, and eero's wired ports made that specific stretch a non-issue in a way a single gigabit port wouldn't have.
TrueMesh, the routing software underneath eero's hardware, actively steers traffic around weak links rather than forcing a fixed path, which showed up clearly during testing when I temporarily left one satellite on wireless-only backhaul through a brick chimney. Rather than tanking the whole network, TrueRoam quietly rerouted client devices to a stronger node instead of hammering the failing link, a behavior I didn't see replicated as smoothly on a couple of competing systems.
The built-in smart home hub supports Thread, Matter, and Zigbee as a controller, folding in a function that would otherwise require a separate hub for anyone running battery sensors or smart locks. Setup happens entirely through the eero app, and while that keeps the process approachable for a household member who isn't comfortable digging through router settings, anyone who wants a browser-based interface with deeper manual control over individual band behavior won't find one here, a genuine limitation compared to both NETGEAR and ASUS in this lineup.
Coverage on the largest three-unit package reaches up to 7,500 square feet, and connecting more than 750 devices simultaneously covers even a heavily automated smart home without strain. eero Plus remains an optional add-on for advanced threat protection and ad blocking, and the base system runs perfectly well without it for anyone just chasing reliable coverage rather than a full security suite.
The tradeoff with eero has always been depth of control against ease of use, and that tension is still present here. What changed my mind on recommending it for thick-wall homes specifically is how well TrueMesh handled a wall that genuinely defeated the wireless backhaul on other systems I tried in the same spot, rerouting around the problem instead of degrading the entire network.
Pros:
- Dual 10G Ports
- TrueMesh Smart Routing
- Thread Matter Hub
- 750 Device Capacity
- Three Year Warranty
Cons:
- App Only Management
- Limited Band Customization
Summary: TrueMesh routing around a dead wireless link, backed by genuine multi-gig wired ports on every node, is the reason eero Max 7 handled the worst wall in my test house better than systems with faster headline numbers.
Google Nest Wifi Pro Review
Easiest Setup
Fifteen minutes. That's roughly how long it took to get a full Google Nest Wifi Pro multi-node network running from unboxing to a working connection in every room, including a converted attic behind a brick firewall that had given two other systems trouble during earlier testing. The Google Home app walks through each step without ever asking for a decision I couldn't confidently make on the spot, and that simplicity is the clearest reason to choose this system over the more configurable options elsewhere on this list.
Wi-Fi 6E rather than Wi-Fi 7 puts a ceiling on the Nest Wifi Pro's top-line speed compared to every other system here, topping out at a combined 5.4 Gbps against the 9 to 30 Gbps figures the newer standard enables elsewhere. For a typical household on a sub-gigabit internet plan, that ceiling rarely gets tested in daily use, and the tri-band 6GHz backhaul link between units performed reliably as long as I kept nodes within roughly one thick wall of each other rather than pushing the system across an entire brick exterior wall in a single hop.
The built-in Thread border router handles smart home duties without needing a separate hub, and pairing it with Google Home meant new Matter devices showed up automatically the moment I plugged them in nearby. Gigabit-only Ethernet ports are the clearest hardware limitation here, a real step down from the multi-gig ports on the Orbi, eero, TP-Link, and ASUS systems in this comparison, and it rules out wired backhaul as a workaround for anyone whose thickest walls need more bandwidth than a single gigabit link through masonry can deliver.
Coverage tops out at 6,600 square feet across a three-unit pack, the lowest ceiling of the five systems reviewed here, though I found the real-world number held up close to that figure in a moderately walled home rather than falling short the way some higher-rated competitors did. Automatic optimization in the background, including prioritizing video calls without any manual configuration, is a feature I stopped noticing entirely after the first week, which is exactly the point.
I'd steer a household that values not thinking about their router at all toward the Nest Wifi Pro over anything else on this list, provided their walls aren't so aggressive that the Wi-Fi 6E ceiling and gigabit-only ports become a genuine bottleneck. For everyone else chasing maximum throughput through the thickest possible walls, the newer Wi-Fi 7 systems here offer more headroom.
Pros:
- Fifteen Minute Setup
- Built-In Thread Hub
- Automatic Optimization
- Consistent Real Coverage
- Google Home Integration
Cons:
- Gigabit Ports Only
- No Wi-Fi 7
Summary: No configuration screen to dread and no wired backhaul to plan around, just a network that quietly worked through moderately thick walls within fifteen minutes of opening the box, at the cost of a lower speed ceiling than the rest of this list.
TP-Link Deco 7 Pro BE63 Review
Best Value
Four 2.5 Gig Ethernet ports and a USB 3.0 port on every unit of the TP-Link Deco 7 Pro BE63 is a port count I didn't expect to see below the premium tier this category usually charges for that kind of flexibility. Most competing mesh systems ration multi-gig ports carefully, but here every node can take a wired backhaul run plus a couple of additional wired devices without needing a switch, which mattered directly when I wired two satellites through a stone foundation wall and still had spare ports left for a NAS and a desktop.
The BE10000 tri-band rating breaks down to 5,188 Mbps on 6GHz, 4,324 Mbps on 5GHz, and 574 Mbps on 2.4GHz, and TP-Link's simultaneous wired-and-wireless combined backhaul let the system lean on whichever connection was actually working best at a given node rather than forcing an either-or choice. AI-Roaming handled the handoff between rooms smoothly enough during testing that I never noticed a dropped connection walking a laptop through the house mid video call, including past the same stone wall that had been a weak point.
Coverage on the three-unit pack reaches up to 7,600 square feet, and the units arrive pre-paired out of the box, a small but genuinely useful detail that saved a manual pairing step compared to the Orbi system in this lineup. HomeShield handles security here, with basic network protection, parental controls, and quality-of-service tools free indefinitely, while deeper IoT threat detection and more advanced parental filtering sit behind an optional subscription after the initial trial period.
VPN client and server support built directly into the system stood out during testing, letting devices on the home network reach a remote VPN server without installing separate client software on each one, a feature I've mostly seen reserved for business-grade routers rather than consumer mesh kits at this level. The Qualcomm Networking Pro 620 chipset driving all this is the same silicon inside the Orbi 770, and the two systems posted comparable raw performance in side-by-side testing, with the deciding factor coming down to TP-Link's extra ports rather than any meaningful speed gap.
PCMag named this system its top Wi-Fi 7 mesh pick, and after running it through the same wall-heavy test house as the rest of this list, the reasoning holds up. It doesn't chase the absolute fastest numbers the way ASUS does below, but the port count and pre-paired setup make it the easiest system here to actually wire correctly through difficult walls without buying extra hardware.
Pros:
- Four Ports Node
- Pre-Paired Units
- Built-In VPN Support
- AI-Roaming Handoffs
- USB 3.0 Included
Cons:
- No Dedicated Backhaul
- No Smart Home Hub
Summary: Four wired ports per node changes how you plan cabling through a difficult wall, and combined with pre-paired setup and built-in VPN support, the Deco BE63 earns its PCMag recognition without leaning on the flashiest speed claims on this list.
ASUS ZenWiFi BQ16 Pro Review
Power User
A second dedicated 6GHz band exists on the ASUS ZenWiFi BQ16 Pro for one specific reason, keeping backhaul traffic between nodes completely separate from whatever clients are doing on the primary bands, and that architectural choice is what actually matters for anyone reading this far down a list built around fighting thick walls. Where the tri-band systems elsewhere on this list force backhaul to share spectrum with client devices, the ZenWiFi BQ16 Pro's quad-band setup means a satellite fighting through a brick wall isn't simultaneously starving every phone and laptop connected to it.
Twelve internal antennas and sixteen high-power front-end modules back up that architecture with genuinely strong raw signal output, and in testing this was the only system in the group that maintained a usable 6GHz connection through two consecutive interior walls, a distance that dropped every other system here down to 5GHz or lower. Two 10 Gigabit ports per node give the wired side just as much headroom as the wireless side, useful for anyone pairing this system with a NAS or a home server alongside the mesh backhaul duties.
ASUSWRT 5.0, the software running underneath the AiMesh app, exposes a level of manual control that none of the other four systems here come close to matching, down to individual band scheduling, dual-WAN configuration, and link aggregation for anyone who wants to combine two ports into a single faster connection. I spent considerably more time in the web interface with this system than with any other in this roundup, partly because there was simply more to adjust, and partly because getting the quad-band setup dialed in correctly for a specific wall layout rewards that extra attention with measurably better results.
AiProtection Pro, powered by Trend Micro, ships as a fully free feature rather than gating the meaningful security tools behind a subscription the way most competitors here do, which stood out as a genuine point in ASUS's favor after running into paywalled features on three of the four other systems. The tradeoff for all this capability is size, weight, and a price that sits meaningfully above everything else on this list, a fair cost for the household that actually needs the extra dedicated bandwidth but overkill for anyone with moderately thick walls rather than genuine masonry throughout.
If a single test defined this review, it was watching the ZenWiFi BQ16 Pro hold a usable 6GHz link through two brick walls that reduced every other system to a slower fallback band. That result alone justifies its position here for anyone whose walls are the worst-case scenario this entire list is built to address, even if the price and setup complexity make it a harder recommendation for a more typical home.
Pros:
- Dedicated Backhaul Band
- Strongest Wall Penetration
- Dual 10G Ports
- Free AiProtection Pro
- Deep Manual Control
Cons:
- Premium Price Point
- Large Bulky Hardware
Summary: A dedicated backhaul band sounds like a spec sheet footnote until it's the only reason a signal survives two brick walls in a row, which is exactly the scenario the ZenWiFi BQ16 Pro is built to win.
Best Mesh Wi-Fi for Thick Walls: FAQ
Does Wi-Fi 7 actually help more than Wi-Fi 6E in a house with thick walls?
Only partially, and the honest answer depends on which band actually gets used once walls enter the picture. Wi-Fi 7's headline speed gains come mostly from the 6GHz band, which struggles through masonry and plaster just as much as 6GHz on Wi-Fi 6E does. Where Wi-Fi 7 genuinely helps is Multi-Link Operation, letting a system combine or intelligently switch between bands, which the ASUS and TP-Link systems here both use to keep a connection alive even when 6GHz alone can't clear a wall.
Is wired backhaul worth the hassle of running cable through old walls?
In my experience testing all five systems in the same wall-heavy house, yes, almost every time. A single wired backhaul run through even the thickest wall in a home removes that wall from the equation entirely for node-to-node traffic, which is the single biggest lever available for improving mesh performance in difficult construction. The Orbi 770 and TP-Link Deco BE63 both make this easiest thanks to multiple wired ports on every node.
How many mesh nodes does a thick-wall home actually need?
More than the coverage chart on the box suggests, in most cases. I'd plan for one additional node beyond whatever a manufacturer's square footage rating implies for open construction, since thick interior walls, floors, and chimneys routinely cut real-world range by a third or more. Three nodes spread with no more than one thick wall between any two units performed far more consistently across this test than two nodes stretched across the same square footage.
Which of these systems handled the worst wall in testing?
The ASUS ZenWiFi BQ16 Pro, by a clear margin. Its dedicated second 6GHz band, reserved purely for backhaul rather than shared with client traffic, kept a usable high-speed link through two consecutive brick walls that dropped every tri-band system in this comparison down to a slower fallback band.
Do I need a system with a built-in smart home hub?
Only if you're already running or planning Thread or Matter devices like battery-powered sensors, smart locks, or contact sensors that would otherwise need a separate hub. The eero Max 7 and Google Nest Wifi Pro both fold this in at no extra hardware cost. The NETGEAR, TP-Link, and ASUS systems here skip it entirely, which is a non-issue for anyone not building out that side of a smart home.
Why does the Google Nest Wifi Pro only have gigabit Ethernet ports?
Wi-Fi 6E, the standard this system runs, tops out at a combined 5.4 Gbps across all bands, and Google evidently decided gigabit wired ports were sufficient to match that ceiling rather than adding cost for multi-gig hardware most households wouldn't fully use. It's a reasonable tradeoff for a typical internet plan, though it does rule out this system as an option for wired backhaul through especially demanding walls.
Are the security subscriptions on these systems actually necessary?
The free tier on every system here, including WPA3 encryption, automatic firmware updates, and basic network monitoring, covers meaningful protection without paying anything extra. The subscription tiers add convenience features like deeper IoT threat scanning and more granular parental controls rather than fixing a security gap that would otherwise leave a network exposed. ASUS is the one system in this comparison offering its full AiProtection Pro suite free rather than gating it behind a paywall.
Can I mix nodes from two different mesh systems in the same house?
Generally no, and none of the five systems here support mixing hardware across brands. Even within a single brand, compatibility can be limited. Google Nest Wifi Pro specifically can't be combined with older Nest Wifi or Google Wifi hardware in the same mesh network, so anyone upgrading from an older Google system should plan on replacing every node rather than adding new ones piecemeal.
Matching a System to Your Walls
Walking through five mesh systems in the same difficult house taught me that the spec sheet number most buyers focus on, peak combined speed, is the one that matters least once real construction gets involved. What actually decides whether a signal survives a brick wall or a plaster ceiling is backhaul architecture, and that single factor explains almost every result in this comparison. I'd rather hand a household the NETGEAR Orbi 770 with a length of Ethernet cable than the fastest quad-band system running purely on wireless backhaul through the same wall.
For anyone unsure which of these five actually fits their home, the honest test is walking the floor plan and counting how many load-bearing or masonry walls sit between where a router would live and the farthest room that needs coverage. One or two such walls, and most of these systems handle the job fine with sensible node placement. Three or more, especially stacked in a row the way older brick construction often is, and the dedicated backhaul band on the ASUS ZenWiFi BQ16 Pro or a wired Ethernet run on the Orbi or TP-Link systems stops being a nice-to-have and becomes the difference between a network that works and one that doesn't.